Women Development

Women’s condition in Nepal is surprisingly more dreadful contrasted with their normal circumstance on the planet. In spite of positive and improving reports in the circumstance, there is far to go to truly cause them to feel that they are not misused and separated. The female education pace of Nepal is around 35 percent, as indicated by ongoing report, contrasted with male proficiency pace of 63 percent. This immense contrast exists in instructive part as well as in practically every division. The instruction is the establishment of mindfulness and further development.When they are banished from training, there is possibility of segregations being unreported compelling ladies to hush up. The ladies in Nepal are abused in numerous viewpoints. Sexual maltreatment and young lady dealing despite everything perseveres which requests selection of prompt measures to keep the circumstance from being increasingly compounded. The greater part of the survivors of human dealing in Nepal a re young ladies who end up in the house of ill-repute of Indian urban communities. The female casualties of aggressive behavior at home are left well enough alone with the dread of losing social notoriety uniquely to be kept structure conceivable refusal from their male partners and there no unmistakable law to manage the situation.In the remote towns of Nepal, ladies take care nearly everything from raising youngsters, oversee food, dealing with steers, gathering grain and kindling to working in the fields. Regardless of their noteworthy commitment in the family and society, they are abused and accused for minor slip-ups. The circumstance of Nepalese ladies is by all accounts improving in urban areas however the scene in the remote towns and hinterland isn't changing in any way. They are the casualty of religion, culture and their male ‘guardians’.The Chaupadi framework in western slope locale of Nepal is yet to be uncovered, the Kamlari framework in West Terai is as y et permitting to offer honest young ladies to obscure bosses. The Muslim society of the nation is still not stir up to send the entirety of their girls in school, the plastered spouse has not quit beating his better half with no explanation and Dalit ladies are as yet rewarded as peasant by supposed high societies. These are just a few instances of current circumstance of ladies in Nepal. The overall state of the ladies isn't better either.No matter where, the half of the total populace ought to be tended to in every single part of the life. The simple cooperation can not be a lot of viable for the general advancement of the general public. Women’s issues are viably managed uniquely by ladies themselves. Keeping them out of the social and political exercises may cause social difficulty in the country. The striking case of connection between strengthening of ladies and social and practical improvement can be seen in many created European countries.Sweden, which is known as a n ation with the best state of ladies on the planet is one of the most evolved nation on the planet too. In spite of the fact that in those created nations as well, the circumstance of ladies isn't better than those of male, they are giving a valiant effort to keep the adjust and further improve the circumstance. In this way the messages from those created nations is ‘Empowering female methods advancement of the nation’. The female investment in social, prudent and political exercises in the nation like Nepal is imperatively significant. Ladies' lawful rights and cooperation in common society are restricted over the country.Nepal is respectably strict nation with immense quantities of ethnic gatherings, however it has been announced as a mainstream state in the wake of ruler was striped of his capacity by reestablished parliament in 2006. In spite of the fact that it used to be Hindu realm, there were no religion-related devotions in the nation. Nepalese are likewise gene rally less awful to change. Subsequently, improving the ladies circumstance in Nepal is similarly simpler than numerous different nations on the planet. Ladies are contributing in excess of 50 percent of the agrarian employments which is considered as a spine of Nepal’s economy (Agriculture contributes Nepal's all out GDP by 40 percent).They are the main educators of their children who are the wellspring of future improvement of the nation. Dynamic support of ladies in social, political and political field implies taught kids, improved wellbeing circumstance slipped human dealing, declining HIV/AIDS disease rate and numerous other in flow Nepal’s social situation. They can have a lot of effect in the standpoint of our present society. They should be urged and offered chance to walk corresponding with their male partners. Despite the fact that some significant laws are as yet absent, there are considerable laws n the country to ensure the privilege of ladies. Numerous l aws are being altered to address the genuine need of the switch and to catch up the worldwide guidelines however the circumstance isn't beating that. The law is just the way, we are the walker and on the off chance that we don't walk our discussion, the circumstance of ladies may never show signs of change thus will do the nation’s circumstance. Ladies then again ought to know about their circumstance follow up on their own. Numerous associations working in the field ought to have the option to stretch out their way to deal with the towns of remote areas.Political parties are upholding their responsibility on equivalent support of ladies in all fields yet it has not been found in the training. Political initiative is still to a great extent involved by men basically driving inconsistent equivalent support in strategy making level. In this way, it must be done from the base level. Absence of instruction is underlying driver of the circumstance. Female training has been appeare d to dramatically affect ladies' procuring power and on families' government assistance yet progress toward sexual orientation fairness in instruction despite everything falls behind to those of boys.Education for all ought to be ensured by the administration which will positively assist with disposing of ladies segregation as well as different separations (ethnic, local, strict and so forth ) the nation over. When the education rate increases, so does the female interest in numerous regions. To engage ladies, it must be finished by act not by words. The strengthening of the ladies will be one major advance forward to by and large improvement of the country. As Nepal has just been gone into another time of progress, uniformity among male and female ought to be one of the top most needs for strategy producers.

The Great Gatsby Essays (1561 words) - The Great Gatsby, Literature

The Great Gatsby A Critical Review: The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is an all inclusive and immortal artistic artful culmination. Fitzgerald composes the novel during his time, about his time, and indicating the harsh crumbling of his time. A blend of the 1920s high society way of life and the urgent endeavors to arrive at its illusionary objectives through riches and influence makes the embodiment behind The Great Gatsby. Scratch Carraway, the storyteller, moves to an interesting neighborhood outside of New York City called West Egg; his removed cousin and his previous associate, Daisy and Tom, live in a genuinely indistinguishable area over the straight called East Egg. The wealthy couple rapidly opens Nick to the ruining impact of riches and realism. He frequently fills in as a modern spectator at a few popular gatherings, yet he stays uninvolved in the decadent way of life. Jay Gatsby, the man who gives his name to the book, lives in an unprecedented home nearby Nick, where he unendingly invites visitors to extravagant gatherings. Scratch builds up an obsession and a caring commitment to Gatsby. Gatsby is a visionary, consumed by the past, and Nick hesitantly helps him in endeavors to satisfy his optimal. The illogical hallucinations, at long last, decimate Gatsby and lead Nick to see a definitive indication of degenerate American culture. In The Great Gatsby, ravenousness and defilement unify the topic. Fitzgerald utilizes the contemporary open as a center of life for his characters. Gatsby's plan to win an affection from his past by the presentation of extravagant belongings brings about demolition. He was bound from the earliest starting point by his greedy unrealistic reasoning. Gatsby's way to deal with achieve his objective was hampered by corrupt habits. The manner in which he brought in cash, attempted to discover love, and carried on with his life were all totally sacrificial, yet out of line. His bootlegging business earned him millions yet in addition repulsed everybody from his memorial service. The endless years Gatsby attempted to acquire his fortune to win back his adored unexpectedly finished with a definitive close. Furthermore, the pamper parties with food providers, barkeeps, and ensembles never drew his ?brilliant young lady? to the scene. The characters of The Great Gatsby are in consistent pursuit of their own identities?a second topic. They imagine that the main fixing to bliss is riches and ownership. Toward the start of the novel, certain pictures of the characters are installed in the peruser's psyche, yet as every one methodologies an objective, the individual in question turns out to be increasingly invested in want and shows a stunning change in demeanor. At the point when Nick went to Tom and Daisy's home for supper one night toward the start of the novel, Daisy endeavored to make arrangements with Nick. She stated, ?What'll we plan? What do individuals plan? (p.25).? She acts na?ve and blameless with no feeling of freedom. Negating this scene, she murders a lady in a fender bender and returns home to, actually, eat cold chicken. She is in consistent contest with herself; she really has no clue about what to do, and her better half, Tom, has a similar problem. Tom accepts that his outside things make him the ?animal of a man (p.25)? Daisy says he is. After Tom read the book The Rise of the Colored Empires, he turned out to be fiercely maddened by the danger of another race lowering the whites. This shows despite the fact that Tom felt prevalent, he had internal identity question that he could be vanquished which made him respond with rage. Both Tom and Daisy in the long run find the disgraceful history they have so deliberately amassed at this point are as yet unfit to beat their double dealing and permit themselves to withdraw once again into their cash and immense lack of regard. An undermining impact of riches can without much of a stretch be found among both the set up rich individuals of East Egg and the recently rich occupants of West Egg. The individuals of East Egg, for example, Tom and Daisy Buchanan, have created in a universe of cash and hold a vacant eventual fate of purposelessness enveloped by resources. Then again, the occupants of West Egg have stirred their way up into the universe of fortune, some insincerely, yet at the same time hold the foulness they gather from their root. The occasions that happen in East Egg advance conservatism and force; they are reasonably relaxed and

5 Things You Can Do to Achieve Flow

5 Things You Can Do to Achieve Flow More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships Flow is often described as a mental state in which people experience complete immersion and involvement in an activity. Things seem to happen almost effortlessly and time seems to disappear while in this state. Athletes often refer to this state of mind as being in the zone. Everything vanishes around me, and works are born as if out of the void, said the artist Paul Klee. Ripe, graphic fruits fall off. My hand has become the obedient instrument of a remote will. What Klee described in this quote is a perfect example of what psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi calls flow. Total immersion in a task, a feeling of complete concentration and losing track of the outside world are all common characteristics of this state of mind. Obviously reaching this state of flow is something many of us would like to accomplish on a regular basis. Fortunately, flow is not something restricted to just elite athletes, artists, and performers. You can achieve this state during a number of activities such as while working, while engaging in exercise, or while engaging in a hobby. So what exactly does it take to achieve a state of flow? 1. Your Skills Need to Be Well-Matched to the Task According to Csikszentmihalyi, flow is most likely to occur when your skill level is perfectly aligned to the challenge that the activity presents. So a runner might experience flow during a marathon that  he or she is well-prepared for, or a chess-player might reach this state during a game that presents the perfect challenge. In other words, gaining practice, experience, and expertise in an activity will make it more likely that you will achieve flow in the future. 2. Stretching Your Skills Can Lead to a State of Flow A slight stretching of your skills, or attempting something that is a little more advanced than your  current abilities, can also foster a flow state. For a dancer, this might involve attempting a move that presents a bit of a challenge. For a graphic designer, it might involve taking on a project that requires utilizing a new type of software. Focus on adding new challenges on a regular basis. Not only will you become more skilled, you may find that the state of flow becomes much easier to achieve. 3. Have Clear Goals You need to have a specific purpose for focusing on the task, such as winning an athletic contest, playing a particular piece of music or finishing a work project. That is not to say you should only engage in an activity in order to achieve a goal. People who achieve flow frequently are often intrinsically motivated to perform certain actions. In other words, they may have specific goals in mind, but they engage in these actions for their own sake as well. 4. Avoid Interruptions It is important to devote all of your concentration to the task at hand. Multitasking and other distractions will disrupt the flow state. Set aside a time and space that will allow you to work on a project without being interrupted or distracted. Turn off your phone, television or other devices that might pull you away from the task at hand. 5. Focus on the Process and Not the End State While having a goal is important, flow requires enjoying the journey and not just fixating on the end product. Allow yourself to simply live in the present moment without worrying too much about the ultimate outcome of your efforts. Achieving flow can be a pleasurable experience, but it may also have other benefits as well. Research suggests that the benefits of flow include increased skill development and improved performance. Becoming more skilled and capable at a task can help improve your self-esteem in that area and give you a boost of self-confidence related to those skills.

Jeffery Dahmer Essay - 1478 Words

Jeffery Dahmer is arguably the most notorious serial killer -cannibal in history. Targeting men and boys, Dahmer‘s life of crime began with drinking and sex offending. His murders were exceptionally gruesome, often involving rape, torture, necrophilia, dismemberment, and cannibalism. The media often commented on how â€Å"normal† Dahmer appeared. Jeffrey Dahmer made everyone question how one develops into such a monster. By the time of his apprehension, Dahmer had sodomized, murdered, and cannibalized at least seventeen men, mostly black, Hispanic or Asian, in the Milwaukee area between the years of 1978 until his arrest in 1991 (Williams pg.1). Jeffrey Dahmer was born in Milwaukee on May 21, 1960, to Lionel and Joyce Dahmer. Despite†¦show more content†¦His classmates considered him a loner and an alcoholic, who brought liquor into the classroom (Bardsley Ch.14). At 15, Dahmer would scour the neighborhood, collecting the remains of animals for his own pri vate cemetery. A fascination with dead creatures was evident from a young age (Bardsley Ch. 14). Also as a teen, Dahmer’s parents ended their relationship by divorce. In the fall of 1978, Dahmer entered Ohio State University, where he remained intoxicated for the majority of the semester and inevitably flunked out. After ignoring an ultimatum from his father, Dahmer refused to look for a job. His father then drove him to the recruiting office to join the Armed Forces in January of 1979. Although he seemed to enjoy life in the Army, he was discharged early for habitual drunkenness (Bardsley Ch.15). Not long after his dishonorable discharge, Dahmer was sent to live with his grandmother where he got a job, but before long was arrested for drunkenness and disorderly conduct. Soon, the offenses worsened as his alcoholism and emotional issues intensified, including but not limited to indecent exposure, child molestation, and culminating with his arrest for multiple murders in July of 1991. At the 1989 sentencing of Dahmer for child molestation, his father, Lionel Dahmer stated, â€Å"There was something missing in Jeff.... We call it a conscience... that had either died or had neverShow MoreRelatedjeffery dahmer1609 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Jeffery Dahmer is hands down one of the most notorious serial killers. Dahmer murdered and raped 17 victims over the course of sixteen years. He raised the bar for the most gruesome deaths in history. Jeffrey Dahmer began his life as a normal suburban kid who played with similar children in his neighborhood; His fascination with death and dark, gruesome subjects started at a very young age and grew into a strong part of his personality as a juvenile. Jeffery was born on May 21Read MoreEssay on Jeffery Dahmer1707 Words   |  7 Pages The serial killer that I chose to profile is Jeffery Dahmer. Dahmer brings both horrifying, yet amazing qualities to the table in the respect that he terrorized people, not only those that were his victims, but also people that lived both near and those around the country. Section I: Overview - Jeffery Dahmer - Born on May 21, 1960, at Evangelical Hospital in Milwaukee, Wisconsin - Jeffery Dahmer was found beaten by fellow inmates on the morning of November 28, 1994, as was pronounced deadRead MoreJeffery Dahmer : Serial Killer And Sex Offender1409 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper is a biography about Jeffery Dahmer, a notorious serial killer and sex offender. Mr. Dahmer was born on May 21st, 1960 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Jeffery murdered a total of 17 men, while molesting some of these victims. His first murder victim was Steven Hicks back in 1978. His killing spree went from 1978 up until 1991. When he was seized, he was sentenced to fifteen consecutive life terms. But on November 28, 1994 Jeffery Dahmer was murdered by a fellow prison inmate by the nameRead MoreSerial Killers Case Study1526 Words   |  7 Pagesserial killer’s biological development and environmental factors. There is very little information focusing on the killer’s child hood which may have played a part in the individuals violent killings later in life. This case study will focus on Jeffery Dahmer, while tracing his psychological dysfunction back to his childhood. Though comparing him to other case studies What defines a â€Å"Serial† killer? In the book â€Å"mind hunters† by John Douglass (1998) he explains Serial killer is a term describing aRead MoreCompare And Contrast Jeffrey Dahmer And Ted Bundy759 Words   |  4 Pagesare Jeffrey Dahmer and Ted Bundy. These two murderers share many similarities such as their backgrounds, Crimes, and Motives. Both Jeffrey Dahmer and Ted Bundy are serial killers who’ve killed over a dozen people each. They’ve committed crimes including rape, murder, and kidnapping. In this research paper I will be comparing and contrasting the two serial killers. The two serial killers shared similar childhood traits. They both experience abnormal things in their early life. Jeffery was born intoRead MoreThe Monster Within By Jeffrey Dahmer852 Words   |  4 Pageskiller, Jeffrey Dahmer. The documentary follows the life of Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer told from his father’s, Lionel Herbert Dahmer, side of things. Jeffrey Dahmer killed seventeen men, had sex with their corpses, and ate them. It focuses on Dahmer’s sexuality, his reason of doing these things, and the timeline of his life and murders. There were many interesting facts used in the documentary that really keeps the viewers mind focused, and surprised with every detail stated. Jeffrey Dahmer stated that theRead More Jeffrey Dahmer Essay example1398 Words   |  6 PagesBiography On: Jeffrey Dahmer Section I: Introduction: Jeffrey Dahmer was one of the most well known serial killers ever. Dahmer was no ordinary serial killer. He was a killer, necropheliac, and a cannibal. The purpose of this report is to learn more about this serial killer. Section II: Overview †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Jeffrey Dahmer was born May 21, 1960, at Evangelical Hospital in Milwaukee, Wisconsin† (Blakey). †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Jeffrey Dahmer was found beaten by fellowRead MoreSerial Killers And The United States1743 Words   |  7 Pagesexplained. Some serial killers can have a mixture of each typology’s characteristic. Serial killers that will be discussed and used as examples to represent the content of this research paper will be, John Wayne Gacy, Ted Bundy, Robert Berdella, Jeffery Dahmer, and lastly the most prolific serial killer in American history, Gary Ridgeway. Problems with studying serial killing, are that because of rarity and access. Most of what we think we know about serial killers is speculative for those reasons aloneRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Research Paper2087 Words   |  9 PagesStephanie Quinn April 2, 2012 Abnormal Psychology Dr. Azar Dickens Diagnostic Evaluation Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer Born on May 21, 1960 Date of evaluation: 1992 sometime before the trial Background Information: Jeffrey Dahmer was a sex offender and serial killer mainly between the years 1978 and 1991. He is well known for his severely atypical behaviors. Among his outward manners that are recognized as abnormal are paraphilia-specifically necrophilia and sexual sadismRead MoreBlood Loss, The Decline Of The Serial Killer886 Words   |  4 Pagesfamous serial killers from the 70 s and 80 s, such as Ted Bundy, John Wayne Gacy, and Jeffery Dahmer. He describes what each of these killers did to get them labled as serial killer. He uses statistics such as how many each person killed. For example, he states that Ted Bundy would try to get sympathy from women before killing them and he includes that Bundy killed roughly about 30 women. Also, how Jeffery Dahmer kept body parts in his closet and freezer and had about 17 victims. Beam goes into detail

The Code Of Hammurabi And The Egyptian Book Of The Dead

Ancient societies’ life practices such as Mesopotamia and Egypt are depicted in The Code of Hammurabi translated by Theophile J. Meek and in The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead translated by R. Faulkner. The King of Babylon, Hammurabi himself in 1700 BCE, wrote The Code of Hammurabi containing severe two hundred and eighty two law codes that the whole society was to follow. Similarly to law codes, The Egyptian Book of the Dead was used in the New Kingdom that is around 1550 BCE to around 50 BCE, it also served as a platform way of life emphasizing on the afterlife rather than the present as in The Code of Hammurabi. Both The Code of Hammurabi and The Egyptian Book of the Dead display the consequences of living a just or unjust life in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Although, while in The Code of Hammurabi punishments varied concurring to your social status, unlike in Egypt, where the granting of an afterlife was attainable for all. Ultimately, in both civilizations consequen ces would arise accordingly on how the masses lived their daily lives, but both The Code of Hammurabi and The Egyptian Book of the Dead provides us with insight on how a each respective society was kept in order. The Code of Hammurabi was a strict, harsh, and unequal way of punishment that focused on current attainable penalties for Mesopotamian society. The society wasn’t religious, they did not have any affiliations with spiritual beings, which is why punishments were needed for the specific momentShow MoreRelatedAncient Civilizations And The Egyptian Civilization1403 Words   |  6 PagesMesopotamia frequented attacks from barbarians because of the lay of the land. They also had trouble controlling war between centers of industry due to the inevitable struggle with the course of the river. On the Egyptian side, the high levels of land surrounding the Nile, outside of where the Egyptian civilization laid its ground, made it very difficult for barbarians to invade. Egypt al so adopted the Sumerian influences and made it their own which brought rapid improvement to society. In this aspect, IRead More The History of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst ruler to establish law codes and spell out regulations and penalties. Another great ruler was King Hammurabi of Babylon. He set up the Code of Hammurabi, which includes 300 sections of carefully organized codes that ruled the Babylonians. Hammurabi was the first example of a lawgiver. He provided one of the greatest written documents of his time: a stone column with a long series of legal judgments published with his name. Hammurabi even designed codes for the family life. He tookRead MoreNarrative Art : An Definition Of Human Creative Skill And Imagination1594 Words   |  7 Pagesare the Stele of Hammurabi, the Judgment of Hunefer before Osiris, and the Column of Trajan. The Stele of Hammurabi also known as the Code of Hammurabi was found in Sipper what is now present day Iran and is from around 1792-1750 BCE. The whole stele is made out of basalt, a fine-grained volcanic rock, and stands at approximately 7’4†. This piece is quite large standing taller than almost all of the people who would have been alive during this time period. The Stele of Hammurabi shows two narrativesRead MoreCharacteristics Of Ancient Civilizations1752 Words   |  8 Pagesarose in Mesopotamia. In 539 B.C., Babylon fell to the Persian armies of Cyrus the Great. Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar are two notable rulers of Babylon. Around 1790 B.C., during Hammurabis reign, he codified or set down in writing, a set of laws known as the Hammurabi Code. Hammurabi wanted to ensure that everyone in his empire knew the legal principles his government would follow. Addressed in Hammurabis Code was civil and criminal law. The branch of civil law dealt with private rights and mattersRead More Seeds of Trees Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pages Mesopotamia was open to invasions by peoples such as the Hittites. Egypt had natural protection from all sides: the Nile River to the east and south, the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the desert to the west; invasions were less frequent. â€Å"Egyptians felt a sense of security that was rare in Mesopotamia† (civilization, 29). China, like Mesopotamia, was open to invasions, for instance barbarian tribes. India’s location facilitated trade between West Asia, Africa and Europe. It was also protectedRead MoreAp History Compare and Contrast Essay: Egypt and Mesopotamia1296 Words   |  6 Pagessubdued the temples, Mesopotamian kings did not have divine power. Political changes occurred in Mesopotamia because of the succession of people that followed the politically dominant Sumerian civilization. By 1750 B. C. E., the written law code of King Hammurabi (the first ruler of the Old Babylonian state) , wa s used to maintain political authority and continuity. In contrast to Mesopotamia, Egypt spent most of its history as a unified monarchy, whereas Mesopotamia seems to have begun asRead MoreEgypt, Mesopotamia, And Israel1418 Words   |  6 Pagesdevours all the land, Egyptians called this land the â€Å"Red Land†. It allowed for Egyptians to have a natural defense against their enemies the Hyksos and many other unwanted visitors. Without a strong threat, Egyptians focused on furthering their understanding of the afterlife and improving their technology. If enemies did try and conquer Egypt and got past the Red Land, they were faced with cruel consequences, like shown on Narmer’s palette, of beheading them. Unlike Egyptians, Sumeria handled theirRead More3. Paleolithic Age Or Older Stone Age Was Marked By Hominids,1819 Words   |  8 Pagesintelligence. Finally, Homo sapiens, who was characterized by memory and foresight, separated from other kinds by using verbal communication and multiple motor skills. There are cl ues that they believed in life after death, because they painted their dead with red dust, sprinkled them certain types of flowers, and sometimes buried along with the ritual object. This means that they respected or feared the death or life after the death. Neolithic era or new Stone Age was the age of civilization. SmoothingRead MoreThe First Civilizations : The Rise Of Civilization1876 Words   |  8 Pagesthat became the cities and states that formed these first civilizations. The rise of civilization led to the introduction of common language and writing and feats of engineering that had never been accomplished before. Pyramids were built in the Egyptian society; distinct cultures were created by groups of people settling in one area who all had to live together and understand each other. These first civilizations laid the groundwork for the massive, powerful empires that became the second wave civilizationsRead MoreEarly Civilizations Matrix Essay examples2440 Words   |   10 Pagesjustice he controlled the religion rituals with priests. In the society the monarch is the one and only he dominates all the peoples decisions and lives, Religion was part of rituals which they adored they had People, royalty and a laws code Called the laws of Hammurabi. The religion was based on nature as Gods and it is being said they adored them with figurines. They evolved in these areas as into knowing astronomy, medicine and surgery. It is also a remarkable fact that in the Mesopotamian era they

History of Human Resource Management Essay - 1398 Words

The History of Human Resource Management Human resource management is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organizations most valued assets - the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business. The terms human resource management and human resources (HR) have largely replaced the term personnel management as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations. Human Resource management is evolving rapidly. Human resource management is both an academic theory and a business practice that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a workforce. (1) Human resource management has it roots in the†¦show more content†¦Some industries experienced difficulty recruiting and retaining employees because of the poor working conditions workers were exposed to. As the means of production continued to shift from farmlands and guilds to city factories, concerns grew about wages, safety, and child labor and 12-hour workdays. Workers began to band together in unions to protect their interests and improve living standards. Government stepped in to provide basic rights and protections for workers. (3) The growth of organized labor soon followed. The first union the Knights of Labor formed in 1869. This union pushed for 8 hour work days (which we all enjoy today), the prohibition of child labor, and equal pay for men and women. Unions supported boycotts Ââ€" not purchasing products from a producer it they were not participating in what the union wanted. The Knights of Labor switched their stance to striking when in the 1880s unemplo yment and wage cuts were widespread. This proved less effective the larger the union became because they could not control the members from unauthorized strikes and sabotaging the factories. The employers resorted to using strikebreakers, non union members willing to replace striking employees. Violence became more prevalent in the late 1900s during strikes. The Molly Maguires became infamous for beatings and murders of employers. The turn of the century did nothing to curtail such violence. TheShow MoreRelatedThe History of Human Resource Management1460 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Human Resource Management Human resource management  (HRM, or simply  HR) is the  management  of an  organizations  workforce, or  human resources. It is responsible for the  attraction,  selection,  training,  assessment, and  rewarding  of employees, while also overseeing organizational leadership  and  culture, and ensuring compliance with  employment and labor laws. In circumstances where employees desire and are legally authorized to hold a  collective bargaining agreement, HR will also serveRead MoreHistory of Human Resource Management2055 Words   |  9 PagesHistory of Human Resource Management Overview of Human Resource Management By definition, Human Resource Management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of organizations most valued assets; specifically the people working there whom individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of objectives of the business. Simply it is the process of employing people, developing their capacities, utilizing, maintaining and compensating their services in tune with theRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Its History Essay1864 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Resource Management and its history To begin evaluating strategic human resource management approaches, one must first understand the concept of human resource management and how it came to be. Human resource management stemmed from what use to be called personnel management in the early 1940’s. The term human resource management (HRM) was first used in the United States and it suggests to some that â€Å"employees were an asset or resource-like machines, but at the same time HR also appearedRead MoreHistory of Human Resource Management1806 Words   |  8 PagesPeople Management In this assignment I will be looking at the role played by the Personnel Management to Human Resource Management (HRM) for Sainsbury s and there historic developments. I will also be looking at how the existing HR function for Sainsbury s could be developed to work more effectively with the rest of the organisation. Human Resource Management (HRM) is fundamentally another name for personnel management. It is the process of making sure the employees are as creative as theyRead MoreThe Importance of History in Human Resource Management (Philippines Setting)2029 Words   |  9 Pagesimportance of History in Human Resource Management History is defined by the Oxford Dictionary of Current English as â€Å"a continuous record of events.† As such, a country’s history encapsulates all that has happened in the country, and between it and other countries. A country, at a particular point in time, is thus the result of its history. Understanding a country’s history is fundamental to understanding the country and its people. In addition to shaping cultural values, history also shapesRead MoreInformative Speech : The Society Of Human Resource Management966 Words   |  4 PagesINFORMATIVE SPEECH FULL-SENTENCE OUTLINE GUIDE FULL-SENTENCE OUTLINE GUIDE Introduction I. Attention Getter: The Society of Human Resource Management quoted John Green, a Vice President of Human Resources in an article they released called The Look and Feel of Strategic Human Resource Management: Conversations with Senior HR Executive saying â€Å"In the past, when I started the business, the people would look for security and plan to be there the rest of their life. They had more of an attitude ofRead MoreHistory Of Union And Human Resources1205 Words   |  5 Pagescompany gets profit, labor can get their reasonable benefit back. The trend of an organization is management in the twenty-first century. A company thinks an employee is part of assets in the organization. Therefore, the Human Resource Management is more valuable than the union to manage the employee. History of Union and Human Resources The history is a track shows the development of unions and Human Resources. In the past, the original labor unions happened in the nineteenth century which was the IndustryRead MoreCareer Choices For A Career1539 Words   |  7 Pagescareer is dealing with Human Resources. One field that one might look into as a profession would be Human Resource within recreation. With HR being a growing field in recreation, it is important to become equipped in the building blocks to be successful in the career as well as knowing the careers available. Thus following up on what was stated before; the job market is forever growing, meaning, so are new directions a person might take on in the field of Human Resource recreation. RecreationRead MoreHuman Resource Planning : An Important Area Of The Organisation1241 Words   |  5 Pages Strategic human resource management Assignment 2 Name: Muhammad Zakaullah khan Completed: 30/08/15 Student id number: 144014 Lecturer’s name: DAVID Greenshields Human resource planning is an important area of the organisation which deals with all primary activities and its identifies the current and future needs of organisation. It includes hiring, firing, managing, training, developing and rewarding people within the organisation. 2.1: Analyse the business factorsRead MoreHow Strategic Management Plan And The Human Resource Planning Process1410 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: For this assignment we will examine how strategic management plans are established and redefine to keep the organizations moving forward in growth. Management promotes and brings about a change in the structure to keep it active and efficient in the approaches to achieving its goals and objective. The strategy behind the approaches correlation is what leads to actually implementing and providing data to analyze on an ongoing basis to enhance the strategic plan of the organization. The

Vietnam War free essay sample

The Vietnam War is often interpreted by historians as a ‘Television war’ in which the unqualified access to uncensored war footage and inaccuracies with media reports caused public disillusionment. Historians such as Peter Braestrup and Mark Woodruff have argued that the T? t Offensive was undermined by a media fallacy by causing the demise of public support for the Vietnam War. The media fallacy was the misinterpretation of available evidence on the behalf of western journalists. This view is supported by the inconsistencies between media reports and the genuine outcome of this conflict. These inconsistencies are illustrated in the public perception of the South Vietnamese, the misinterpreted attack on the US embassy, the city of Hu? and the belief in a North Vietnamese victory. Revisionist historians have dissembled this argument and demonstrated how factors such as poor leadership, self censorship and the degeneracy of moral forces during the T? t Offensive have substantially shaped the perceptions of the public. In an attempt to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam by Communist North Vietnam, the United States joined forces with Britain, France, Thailand, Pakistan, Philippines, New Zealand, and Australia to for the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) on September 8, 1954. However, this had very limited success. Unfortunately for the Americans, situations became messy when the Led by Ho Chi Minh, the Northern Communist Party formed the National Liberation Front (NFL) on December 20, 1960, in hopes of reuniting the divided nation. The American-backed corrupt Diem government was vulnerable to the communists. Following the 1947 Truman Doctrine, the United States felt obligated to impose the â€Å"containment policy† by halting the â€Å"spread of communism. † Therefore, in the 1960s, President John F. Kennedy and his administration, devoted to defend the Southern Democratic government, began to American boys into the perilous jungles of Vietnam. The â€Å"modernization theory† also helped support the United States’ reason for entering a foreign war. The theory stated that the â€Å"traditional societies of Asia†¦could develop into modern industrial and democratic nations by following the West’s own path† (The American Pageant 913). In other words, if developed Western nations, such as the United States, assisted developing countries in other parts of the world, namely Asia, both economically and industrially, then those countries will, in turn, transform into nations with democratic governments hereby eliminating communism. Clearly referenced to in Walt Whitman Rostow’s book, The Stages of Economic Growth, the modernization theory significantly supported the United States’ decision to enter the Vietnam War. However, on November 22, 1963, President Kennedy’s tragic death gave his Vice President, Lyndon Baines Johnson, the presidency. At this time, American morale in the Vietnam War was still high. In the Cold War, tensions with the communistic Soviets were even colder than ever before, especially since they threw their support toward the communist NFL in the North against the United States-supported Diem government in the South. American citizens learned to scorn and sneer at the Soviets, and began to enlist in the army to directly defeat the communists in Vietnam and to indirectly humiliate Soviet Russia. In August of 1964, President Johnson claimed that Northern Vietnamese had fired at American ships in the Tonkin Gulf while attacking Southern Vietnam. Using this as the perfect excuse, President Johnson persuaded both houses of Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, virtually giving him a â€Å"blank check† for the Vietnam War. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution states for â€Å"the United States†¦to take all the necessary steps, including armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom† (The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Archives). Although the Vietnam War had noble intentions, the number of â€Å"doves,† those who opposed the war, back home was increasing. In response, the Johnson Administration decided to advocate for a policy of gradual escalation on December 1, 1964. This policy eventually led to the meaningless loss of over 50,000 American soldier lives in the Vietnam jungles. As a result, popularity for President Lyndon B. Johnson began to plummet considerably. In February of 1965, Viet Cong guerrillas attacked Pleiku, South Vietnam, an American air base. In retaliation, President Johnson ordered for â€Å"Operation Rolling Thunder† to take place. This operation was a full-scale bombing raid against North Vietnam during the middle of March 1965. Before the end of 1965, more than 184,000 U. S. soldiers, under General William C. Westmoreland, were â€Å"slogging through the jungles and rice paddies of South Vietnam searching for guerillas† (The American Pageant 927). Following the policy of gradual escalation, President Johnson sent more and more young men to the Vietnamese frontier: 385,000 in 1966, 485,000 in 1967, and 538,000 in 1968. During the fighting, the South Vietnamese watched the war on the sidelines as it became increasingly Americanized. Numerous corrupt and weak governments were put in place in Saigon, only to be overthrown shortly after. However, American officials still remained faithful to defend the democratic government. However in January of 1968, situations in South Vietnam became even tenser. The North Vietnamese conducted an attack on South Vietnam, nearly capturing the American embassy in Saigon. Although this proved to be a significant turning point in the war, President Johnson underestimated the Northern Vietnamese by informing his people that the United States was winning the war. However, the nearly successful and sophisticatedly planned Tet Offensive showed American military experts that perhaps the Northern Vietnamese were not as â€Å"underdeveloped† as previously believed. Although in 1965 the number of Americans that favored withdrawal from Vietnam was only 15%, four years later, 69% of Americans claimed that â€Å"the war was a mistake† (The American Pageant 928). With almost 60,000 American casualties by the end of the war, it is no surprise that the majority of American citizens opposed the war. Upon learning the increasing casualties nd unnecessary violence in Vietnam, the number of student protests skyrocketed, causing civil unrest back home in the United States. In the spring 1967, more than 500,000 protested in New York City’s Central Park by burning their draft cards. However, protests began to sprout from within the American army as well. From 1960 to 1973, around 500,000 soldiers abandoned the U. S. army. In addition, more than 30,000 fled to Canada to escape from the conscription. Impenitent critics and protestors of the war taunted at President Johnson, â€Å"Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today? † (Los Angeles Times 1997). Numerous citizens questioned the morality of the Vietnam War. When the My Lai Massacre occurred in 1968, the American public was both appalled and outraged by the actions of the American soldiers. At the My Lai Massacre, U. S. soldiers had allegedly abused, tortured, and murdered up to 400 innocent Vietnamese civilians that were too frail to fight. The horrors of the Vietnam War became even worse when a U. S. soldier, Keith Franklin, was killed tragically in battle. However, his death was significant in the letter that he wrote to his parents, which revealed the true horrors of this bloody war. He wrote: â€Å"The war that has taken my life†¦is immoral, unlawful, and an atrocity. So as I lie dead†¦help me inform the American people†¦that their silence is permitting this atrocity to go on and that my death will not be in vain if by prompting them to act†¦in some way†¦to bring an end to the war that has brought an end to my life† (The Vietnam War 56). Was this war avoidable? In President Johnson’s point of view, the answer is negative. He claims that the United States had to defend its â€Å"vital interests in Vietnam† (Los Angeles Times 1997) and thus, the war was unavoidable when the NFL attacked the Democratic government of South Vietnam. Although America was not directly affected by the Vietnam War, President Johnson and his administration knew that they were obligated to stop the spread of communism, as stated by the containment policy. In other words, the â€Å"vital interests in Vietnam† were simply the Democratic Diem government in South Vietnam. However, for the majority of Americans at the time, they claimed the war was clearly preventable and unnecessary. Many believed the United States was not directly affected by the Vietnam issue and should stay out of the war, especially since the disastrous Korean War ad just ended. The horrifying violence and hostility of the war only helped strengthen their beliefs against the opinion American government. Although President Johnson used the Truman Doctrine to defend his actions in Vietnam, it was not a good enough excuse for the 69% of Americans in 1969 who declared the war was both pointless and immoral. Along with the rising number of student protests and the i ncreasing frustration brought by numerous failed military tactics, American politicians argued whether the United States should engage in a full-scale attack against the communists. If the United States was able to defeat and conquer Northern Vietnam and reinstate a Democratic government, both China and USSR would continue to supply communist Vietnamese rebels and encourage them to overthrow the Democratic government. This possibility frightened many American politicians and citizens, which certainly had a significant impact on the Vietnamese foreign affairs from 1968 to 1975. President Nixon, elected in 1968, took those possibilities into consideration and started a process called â€Å"Vietnamization. † He began to withdraw troops, but the war continued until 1975 when Saigon eventually fell to the North Vietnamese Army. In the end, the American soldiers finally came home, but the American public still pointed fingers at who was at fault for this embarrassing loss. Although it is true that neither President Johnson nor Defense Secretary McNamara had faith that America could win the war, it is also high probable that they could have with more troops, fewer restrictions, and better military tactics. However, if this was executed, it is also very likely that bigger consequences would have resulted: potential bloody and violent conflicts with communistic China and USSR. Whether the United States should have won the Vietnam War refers to the moral implications of the war. When Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara eventually admitted that â€Å"he and Johnson’s other aides knew that their Vietnam strategy had little chance of success†¦[but] pressed ahead with it†¦sending young Americans to their deaths†¦because they had no other plan† (Los Angeles Times 1995), it only proved to the American people that the Americans should not, and did not, win the war. Along with the My Lai Massacre, the Vietnam War only demonstrated how incapable the United States was to prevent the spread of communism. Despite whether the war could or should have been won, it is possible that the United States avoided the Vietnam War all together. Engaging in the war was completely unnecessary, as many American citizens had voiced. Despite the Truman Doctrine, the United States should not have mingled in another foreign country’s affairs and violating that country’s sovereignty. However, the Vietnam War began at a time when McCarthyism was weakening and ending. Nevertheless, the Red Scare that Joseph McCarthy had brought frightened the American public. As a result, the Vietnam War was at first encouraged by 85% of the nation when the fighting seriously began in 1965. Perhaps without McCarthyism and the Red Scare, it is possible that the Vietnam War would have been avoided if the American public had not pushed for it so urgently in the mid 1960s. As one of the most discussed issues, the Vietnam War left a â€Å"controversial footprint in American history. Many historians questioned the actions of President Lyndon B. Johnson during the war. The war is often tied together with the symbolic mass student protests back home and the immoral, bloody violence in Vietnam. With more than 55,000 young American lives lost, was it possible that the conflict could have been avoided? Was it possible that the war could have been won or was it moral that the war should have been won? Although these questions have been debated frequently, the answers can only be found within the opinions of the American public itself.

Macbeth Downfall Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth Downfall In Macbeth there were a few factors that contributed to the degeneration of the Macbeth character. There were three factors that destroyed Macbeth. The main force that was predominately responsible for the downfall of Macbeth was his single flaw. Which was his own ambition. Even though his ambition brought him to his height of power, it was also what led him to his downfall. During the play Macbeth's ambition brought him to achieve his goals but as the play evolves, it forced him to face his fate. Macbeth had become so obsessed with becoming King, and remaining powerful, that he became a completely different man. His ambition led him to become greedy, violent, power hunger, and a murder. An example of his new character occurred when he killed King Duncan. After the first murder, killing seemed to be the only solution to keep his reign over the people of Scotland. It was because of these killings and his overbearing ambition that caused him to be overthrown and kill himself. Another force was the prophecies which were told by the witches. If it had not been for the witches telling Macbeth that he was going to be Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glanis, and King of Scotland, he would still be is ordinary self. After the witches shared these prophecies with Macbeth he started thinking of ways he could become king. The other influential factor that destroyed Macbeth was his wife Lady Macbeth. In the play Lady Macbeth was going to kill King Duncan, but she just could not do it. Although she then provided a scheme which caused Macbeth to kill King Duncan. After the first murder, Macbeth seemed to come to the solution that killing was the way. Therefore Lady Macbeth was the one who introduced the concept of murder to Macbeth, which was another reason why Macbeth was destroyed.

Response Question Example

Response Question Example Response Question – Coursework Example Response question Response question The study requires review of articles that have objectives of exploring the implication of poverty on leadership and students. In fully exhausting important elements for the above research study, putting together a systematic literature review is of great importance in grounding for an upright piece of research. In which case, concept mapping comes in handy in pinpointing and arranging the relevant information considered of worth for this research topic; and arriving at a less daunting creation of literature review. Two main purposes of concept mapping that may serve right for this particular case include; summarizing the obtained information from a given source and finally harmonize information from diverse sources (Hart, 2001). The following is an illustration of how mapping proves useful for the topic:Mapping to give summary of information from multiple sources Given the large number of articles talking about the implications of poverty backgrou nds on leadership and students, it would be of importance to summarize the information. Mapping is crucial in this case since it will help in summarizing information, from the diverse sources, that would then create meaning for the intended concepts of study. This way, a network type of mapping will illustrate the eliciting understanding of the concept of poverty background implications. The following figure depicts an example of mapping showing implication of problem based learning:Figure 1 depicting example of mapping which can be used to summarise information from multiple sourcesMapping to obtain and summarize major points from a relevant articleThis will involve drawing a concept map, containing level of hierarchies that depict the important points related to implications of poverty on the leadership behaviors and students. The hierarchies starts by listing the topic of the article then highlighting the objectives and major points coming therein.In conclusion, mapping proves fe asible for the success of coming up with an upright literature review for the above research topic. The aforementioned aspect of mapping will help in consolidating and structuring a literature review that captures all the important information required to root for the expected results. References Hart, C. 2001. Doing a Literature Search: A Comprehensive Guide for the Social Sciences. NY: Sage

On Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Management - Essay Example It is always easier to come up with business goals than actually establishing and executing the required strategies to achieve these objectives. Being a manager is not just being able to show profits at the end of the year but being in charge of the critical daily business processes to work for it. Good management is indispensable to the success of any organization. The failure or success of any business institution lies in the hand of its management team as they "lay the company's long term direction, develop competitively effective strategic moves and business approaches and implements what needs to be done internally to produce day in and day out strategy execution" (Strickland, 4). Put simply, the manager is the major driving force that directs the organization to its expected end. In school, we are taught that manager has four primary functions-planning which refers to identifying the goals, objectives, and the business plans to achieve them; organizing which identifies and sets the necessary resources to execute the business plan; directing which includes pointing, leading, and managing employees to achieve organizational goals; and controlling which involves the evaluation process carried out by the organization to check if the actual performance of the company matches the devised business plan (Allen 2). I believe that these functions are significant in the achievement of business goals. However, all these functions are too broad to discuss together, so this paper will only tackle the leadership function of management. Leadership is a critical and rigorous process of influencing and motivating people to achieve business goals. Though the goal of each leader is essentially the same, they craft different ways to achieve them by employing unique management and leadership styles which often leads to conflict as to whether what leadership technique is superior. Two leadership styles are often utilized in business operations-authoritarian and participative management. Authoritarian organizations follow the military type of organization where decision making is centralized and lies at the hand of the top management. Middle managers do as they are ordered, following the chain of command implemented by their superior. Authoritarian organization essentially operates a top-down management style, where the primary role of managers is to transmit orders. Also, authoritarian organizations view that workers hate work and that they need to be compelled to the task demanded from them. This implies that the achievement of the company's goals can only be achieved through force. Authoritarian managers do not motivate their employees to perform well in their job. Their main concern is the achievement of a certain goal at the expense of their employees. ("Role of Managers under Different Management Styles" 38-51) In a participative management style, works are delegated to the employees and managers largely coordinate with the group work. Also, responsibilities are accepted and performed by the employees knowing they will be held accountable for the quality of their work. Work is viewed as a source of satisfaction or frustration depending on the manager's and organization's chosen style of leadership. People who derive satisfaction from their job will then perform the best way that they can while those who obtain frustration from it will tend to perform badly. Thus, managers highly motivate their em

Lobbyists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lobbyists - Essay Example Lobbying is therefore, the practice of promoting, opposing, or in any manner influencing or attempting to influence the introduction, defeat, or enactment of legislation before any legislative body; opposing or in any manner influencing the executive approval, veto, or amendment of legislation. It is also the practice of promoting, opposing, or in any manner influencing or attempting to influence the enactment, promulgation, modification, or deletion of regulations before any regulatory body (Smith). A lobbyist is therefore a term that includes the following; a person who receives compensation from another person, group or entity to do the lobbying work. A lobbyist is also the person who lobbies as a regular and usual part of employment irrespective of whether there is compensation in addition to regular salaries and benefits is received. a lobbyist is also the a consultant to the state, county, or municipals parts of the government, they are employed to make an influence legislation or regulations irrespective of whether they are paid or not; in full or in part the funds that relates to these forms of government (Luneburg, William, and Susman). Lobbying is quite an important act given the experience they give to the Lobbyist groups. From research it is clear that experienced and successful lobbyists extensively understands the legislative process and therefore they have a strategic plan which enables them to ensure a close follow up that is quiet significant to the client or group that they present. The understanding of the process is quite complex due to the increased competition of the recent past in the field. Lobbying through the Lobbyists helps the congress to follow issues in a timely manner making issues to be handled quite in time due to the avoidance of the delay likely to be created. This is driven by the fact that opportunities and challenges often present themselves with quite a short time to respond to such allegations prompting the need for lobby ing and lobbyist groups. Ongoing, active representation in Canadian legal departments is critical to effectively responding to these situations (Luneburg, William, Thomas, Susman, and Gordon). Lobbying is therefore meant to help specialists groups which may be of a special religion, belief or industry to get their voices to be heard by members of any law making body of a nation. In addition, lobby groups of large amounts of money are able to influence the opinions of the crowds in their favor making politicians against them vulnerable (Smith). Currently, Lobbying has become a way for corporations, religions, and other private and special interest groups present their influence over the legislature and essentially circumvent the standard law-making procedure. Lobbying is therefore protected by the model of government in place and since corporations and other special interests are legally considered a singular entity, they are represented in the same context in Congress (Smith). The d ata from the office of the Commission of Lobbying of Canada shows us the various lobbying groups that exists in

Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Goods: Impacts and Policies

Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Goods: Impacts and Policies Title: Illicit trafficking in cultural goods with special emphasis on Mauritius. INTRODUCTION The international market place for cultural goods is a billion rupees market. Every day in the world thief or looters are smuggling out cultural goods from their countries of origins and sold them to foreign countries. My aim in this project is to improve our understanding of trafficking in cultural objects in order to make people aware that illegal trading of cultural goods is an offense as cultural objects function as a repository of memory and which enable each culture around the world to speak about themselves and about their origins. Furthermore cultural goods are the only evidences left for us to promote and to safeguard one’s culture and origins. Cultural goods are the key artefacts and are part of universal story of humanity so once those cultural objects are crossing boundaries of countries to be sold illegally to foreign countries, at the same time our cultural identity is fading. And once those cultural goods are stolen, looted or destroyed, they will be lost forever, thus we must stop illicit trafficking in cultural objects. LITERATURE REVIEW Definition What is cultural good? We often see the terms cultural â€Å"property†, â€Å"heritage†, â€Å"goods† and â€Å"objects† interchanged. Each state has its own definition of cultural â€Å"goods†, â€Å"heritage† or â€Å"property†. And that’s why the two big international conventions addressing illicit trafficking in cultural objects, the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects was created for the purpose of helping each state to get a more appropriate legal definition of the term cultural goods so as for them to be able to prevent trafficking in cultural objects and also to prevent the provenance of an cultural good. Under article 1 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property and under article 2 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention, both convention define the term ‘cultural property’, â€Å"as property which, on religious or secular grounds, is specifically designated by each State as being of importance for archaeology, prehistory, history, literature, art or science†[1]. And both conventions have set up a categories of cultural objects so as for each states to get a clear understanding of what cultural goods really consist of and as well this will help states to classify and draw a list of heritage which their countries possessed with the reference to the listed categories of cultural objects which both Convention have catered for.[2] Types of cultural heritage: 1) Tangible heritage 2) Intangible heritage tangible heritage is one that can be stored and physically touched. This includes items produced by the cultural group such as traditional clothing, utensils (such as beadwork, water vessels), or vehicles (such as the ox wagon). Tangible heritages include great monuments such as temples, pyramids, and public monuments An intangible heritage is what exists intellectually in the culture. It is not a physical or tangible item. Intangible heritage includes songs, myths, beliefs, superstitions, oral poetry, as well as various forms of traditional knowledge such as ethno botanical knowledge. For example for the Southern Kalahari San, each tree and many other physical sites are part of their intangible heritage as their history is associated with these sites through stories, names and songs.[3] WHAT IS ILLICIT TRAFFICKING IN CULTURAL GOODS? The illicit trafficking of cultural goods is a very complex problem. Illicit trafficking can be classified under various forms and it is a lucrative business. Factors like geography, political environment and socio –economic, are sometimes responsible for the rise of illegal trafficking of those cultural goods.[4] Illicit trafficking in cultural objects is when an individual or a group of people is generating a profitable underground market at the expenses of stolen artefacts or objects, of illegal excavation of archaeological and paleontological sites and of illegal import and export of cultural property. Trafficking in cultural objects allows criminals to seize an opportunity to deal with high amount of items that are very often lack protection. Thus, since these merchandise are poorly protected, the thieves or looters can do illegal import and export from countries to countries. In the paper, Perspective on the organisation and control of the illicit traffic in antiquities in South East Asia written by Christine Alder, associate researcher in criminology University of Melbourne, Duncan Chappell, Professorial Fellow, Center for Transnational Crime Prevention,University of Wollongong,Australia and by Kenneth Polk,Professor of Criminology,University of Melbourne, Australia during the International Conference on â€Å"Organised crime in art and antiquities† Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy12-14 December 2008 , the authors noted that since illicit tracfficking is a lucrative business, thus that type of market can become very dangerous as it dealt with a huge amount of laundered money. And when money is made while selling cultural goods, those making that money are often connected to police or military authorities, and take an unpromising and gloomy view of interference in their lucrative business.[5] The fact that illicit trafficking often deals with political development and economic crisis; this further worsens the fight of illegal trafficking of cultural goods. Moreover when a country possesses a rich culture, it is more vulnerable to cultural pillage. For example countries like Cambodia, Italy, Africa, Oceania, Eastern Europe, Greece and Turkey are very prone to plundering of cultural materials. Countries like Cambodia with a rich culture but with a poor economy are more likely to be victims of illicit trafficking of cultural goods. As Etienne Clement, UNESCO,Director saysâ€Å" Cambodia’s culture is very rich, but the country itself is very poor. It’s an ideal situation for illegal trafficking† (BBC online, 2004)[6]. In Cambodia since there economic situation are poor, the looters are usually local people hoping to earn a few dollars. In Cambodia has faced massacre of its cultural goods and the problem is still going on even if the UNESCO has intervene in Cambodia. Hundreds of statues are without heads and walls are often marked with Graffiti. Hundreds and hundreds of sites are being dug up every day, said Dougald ORe illy, the director of Heritage Watch, an independent group aiming to safeguard Cambodias cultural heritage. In Cambodia heritage sites are often difficult to get access and that’s why it is difficult for the authorities to police the sites. And as Dougald O’Reilly said to the BBC online, sometime UNESCO tend to focus on particularly size only then paying less attention to other important sites which dated from Bronze and Iron Ages(BBC online)[7]. And something which is more sad and alarming is when we witness how people little by little are selling their cultural identity and destroying their origins just for the sake of a few coins. This demonstrate that those thief or looter who are selling those cultural treasure lack notions on the history of their countries and on other hands they are forced to indulged themselves to this illegal act because they are also living in a poor conditions. Mr O’Reilly put further to the BBC online that in Cambodia, In some parts of the country, you can buy 10 kilograms of ancient iron from these cemeteries for just 25 cents, its very openly sold in local markets.[8] Moreover cultural objects can easily be sold as shop owner or dealers to promote their goods they even present evidences of plunder as a means of guaranteeing the authenticity of their merchandise.[9] Another problem why cultural goods are being able cross boundaries and reach foreign countries is because there is a lack of documentation regarding the provenance of cultural goods. And also, officials working in the field of exporting and importing have no or minimum knowledge of archaeology or lack notion of cultural studies therefore it is difficult for them to capture criminals and identify cultural goods. All these factors, contribute further for â€Å"heritage plundering†. And today, the illicit traffic in cultural property continues internationally and is estimated to be worth $4.5 million dollars a year.[10] Furthermore according to Dr. George Abungu, an archaeologist and the founding Director at Okello Abungu Heritage Consultant, he said that colonialism and the spread of Christianity are also responsible for the huge plunder of African heritage. African heritage was destroyed with the new religion such as for example, â€Å"the evangelisation of the African continent and the Black man’s heart†, and other were collected and transported in the name of His or Her majesty’s government.[11] Invasion by the British, German and the French are also responsible for heritage destruction. For example the British expedition in Benin City, Nigeria and those of the Asante Kingdom at Kumasi in Ghana. And such expedition were undertaken in Asia, South America, and in Africa and as well as in North America. And cultural goods were looted and those responsible for this illegal act were considered as lawful collecting rather than plunder.[12] The fact that cultural goods has the ability to communicate, either directly or by association, an aspect of reality which transcends time or space gives it special significance and is therefore something to be sought after and protected. Legal instruments to combat illicit trafficking in cultural goods Every day around the world, massive pillage of cultural heritage is taking place. Cultural heritage since it is irreplaceable by nature; therefore it should be protected at any cost. The illegal trafficking of cultural goods affects humanity greatly. This type of trafficking affects museums, private and public collections, legitimate owner or possessors, worship buildings, cultural institution and as well as archaeological sites if we do not take actions immediately. As we all know if cultural goods are destroyed completely, nothing will be left for our future generations. And today since many people want a rich and better future for their children and family and for their countries as well so as not to kill the rich culture of one’s family or country, many states have decided to work together to create severe laws so as to punish those responsible for the destruction of our only cultural objects left by our people and by nature. The magnitude of this type of trafficking is becoming very alarming and developed countries are not excluded from illicit trafficking like developing countries. For example countries like France, Poland, Russia, Germany and Italy are known to be the most targeted countries for heritage traffickers. For example in 40 years, the Italian Carabinieri ( The National Military Police of Italy) has recovered 800 thousands stolen or illegally excavated artefacts[13]. Furthermore, the destruction of our world cultural heritage should not be held responsible mainly by theft or looters, as factors like climate change, globalisation, wartime, pollution and uncontrolled tourists are also factors contributing to the destruction of cultural objects. Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria are facing massive heritage plundering. For example in Afghanistan, according to the Afghan Ministry of Culture, 35 artefacts and approximately 7000 books, housed in the department building were destroyed in the 4th September attack. Over a hundred cultural artefacts were rescued as well as 5000 books.[14] And the Director and the Representative of the UNESCO in Afghanistan, Mr Paolo Fontani has put forward in a statement at the UNESCO office in Kabul and has expressed his deepest concern on the protection of the cultural artefacts that, â€Å" Our first thoughts go to the victims of this ruthless act, and to their families†, adding that â€Å"the irreversible loss of these unique artefacts should be equally condemned, since such artefacts underpin the cultural identity of the local communities and provide the foundation over which the fabric of society should be rebuilt†.[15] For the purpose to protect the culture of the humanity and in order to preserve and conserve our cultural goods, a set of legal instrument has been created. The three main legal instrument to cater for our cultural heritage are the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property of 1970, the UNIDROIT 1995 Convention and the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The Hague convention was adopted in 14 of May 1954 during the Second World War so as to combat massive destruction of cultural heritage. And the Hague convention was the first international convention aimed to protect cultural goods during armed-conflicts. The Hague convention deals with both movable and immovable cultural heritage including architecture, art or history, archaeological sites, work of art , manuscripts , books and other objects of artistic, historical and of archaeological inter est and as well as scientific collections of all kinds regardless of their origins and ownership. The article 4(3) of the Hague convention as follows â€Å"The high contracting parties further undertake to prohibit, prevent, and if necessary, put a stop to any form of theft, pillage or misappropriation of, any acts of vandalism directed against, cultural property. They shall refrain from requisitioning movable cultural property situated in the territory of another high contracting party† clearly said that each country should respect their cultural property and the cultural property of other foreign states. Concerned about the new phenomenon of trafficking in cultural property in times of peace, the international community, through the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)adopted in 1970 the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, which currently has 116 States Parties, including Mauritius. The 1970 UNESCO convention has set up 3 measures as follows: efforts in drawing up inventories, in certification and in education in order to fight illicit trafficking in cultural goods. The convention recommends each party who has ratified the UNESCO 1970 convention to prohibit the exportation of cultural property from its territory unless these cultural properties are accompanied by an export certificate. And the 1970 Convention also states that each nation should define their national treasure in a list and then these will be protected when stolen. The convention also provides mechanism for states to recover stolen property, but the nominated cultural property must be of national importance. The convention also consider that the protection of cultural heritage can be effective only if organized both nationally and internationally among States working in close co-operation and that that, as cultural institutions, museums, libraries and archives should ensure that their collections are built up in accordance with universally recognized moral principles. Furthermore, since we lack a list of cultural goods and services at the international level, the UNESCO has established a list to define cultural goods and services namely the UNESCO Framework for cultural statistics (FCS). This list classified each cultural goods and services in their respective categories. But this FSC was created in the 1980’s and has not been revised since then, nevertheless the FSC still serves us to get the proper definition of cultural goods and services.[16] The UNESCO also raises questions on previous cases which the 1970 convention does not covered which is a very good initiative taken so as to protect our heritage at the maximum. And moreover, in 1978 the UNESCO during intergovernmental committee, for promoting the return of cultural property for its country of origin or its restitution in case of illegal appropriation the ICPRCP[17] was established as a permanent intergovernmental advisory body by the UNESCO. Set up in 1978 by the resolution 20 C4/ 7.6/5 at the 20th Session of the UNESCO General Conference of UNESCO, the return and restitution committee comprises 22 Member States, which meet every two years and can also organize meetings. The main objective of this committee, is, to search for new solutions and means of facilitating bilateral negotiations, promoting multilateral and bilateral cooperation purposely to the restitution or return of cultural property as well as encouraging a public information campaign on the issue, and promoting exchanges of cultural property. Moreover, the 1970 Convention’s most important attribute are a provision for export certification. The cooperative measures are often enshrined in international agreements, that were noted earlier and also a mandate that parties restitute properties within their jurisdiction stolen from museums, monuments and so on. The UNESCO regime to protect cultural heritage also include non-binding declarations and recommendation to amplify the treaty framework. For example the 2003 declaration concerning the International Destruction of cultural Heritage largely responded to the demolition of two colossal Buddhist statues in Bamiyan, Afghanistan by the Taliban government of that country. This declaration addresses the problem of intentional destruction, whether in peace time and wartime. mnbb [1] Article 1, 1970 UNESCO CONVENTION http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/illicit-trafficking-of-cultural-property/1970-convention/text-of-the-convention [2] article 1 of the 1970 UNESCO convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property and also see the Annex of the 1995 UNIDROIT convention .Article 1 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention and the Annex to the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention read as follows: â€Å" (a) Rare collections and specimens of fauna, flora, minerals and anatomy, and objects of palaeontological interest; (b) property relating to history, including the history of science and technology and military and social history, to the life of national leaders, thinkers, scientists and artist and to events of national importance; (c) products of archaeological excavations (including regular and clandestine) or of archaeological discoveries; (d) elements of artistic or historical monuments or archaeological sites which have been dismembered; (e) antiquities more than one hundred years old, such as inscriptions, coins and engraved seals; (f) objects of ethnological interest; (g) property of artistic interest, such as: (i) pictures, paintings and drawings produced entirely by hand on any support and in any material (excluding industrial designs and manufactured articles decorated by hand); (ii)original works of statuary art and sculpture in any material; (iii)original engravings, prints and lithographs; (iv) original artistic assemblages and montages in any material; (h) rare manuscripts and incunabula, old books, documents and publications of special interest (historical, artistic, scientific, literary, etc.) singly or in collections; (i) postage, revenue and similar stamps, singly or in collections; (j) archives, including sound, photographic and cinematographic archives; (k) articles of furniture more than one hundred years old and old musical instruments.† [3]www.sanculture.org [4] Illicit trafficking in cultural goods is, as other types of illicit traffics, a complex, vast and multifaceted issue. http://icom.museum/programmes/fighting-illicit-traffic/. [5] Organised crime in art and antiquities, Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy12-14 December 2008,p 93 edited by Stefano Manacorda,2009. [6] Race to save cambodia’s heritage, Kate Mcgeown, BBC online,2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3784135.stm [7] Race to save cambodia’s heritage, Kate Mcgeown, BBC online,2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3784135.stm [8]Kate McGeown, Race to Save Cambodias Heritage, BBC News. 9 June 2004 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3784135.stm [9] Organised crime in art and antiquities, Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy12-14 December 2008,p 98 edited by Stefano Manacorda,2009 [10] UTIMUT, Discussion on repatriation in the 21st century, Copenhagen 2008,p36, by Mille Gabriel and Jens Dahl. [11] UTIMUT,â€Å"UNIVERSAL MUSEUMS†:NEW CONTESTATIONS, NEW CONTROVERSIES, by George Abungu,p34 [12] UTIMUT,â€Å"UNIVERSAL MUSEUMS†:NEW CONTESTATIONS, NEW CONTROVERSIES, by George Abungu,p35 [13]www.unesco.org, 40 Years of Fighting the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Goods | Culture and development UNESCO Multimedia Archives [14] UNESCO office in Kabul, Statement by the Director UNESCO Kabul Office concerning the destruction of ancient artefacts in Ghazni, Afghanistan, www.unesco.org. [15] UNESCO office in Kabul, Statement by the Director UNESCO Kabul Office concerning the destruction of ancient artefacts in Ghazni, Afghanistan, www.unesco.org . [16] A note on the list of cultural goods and services,2004, http://www.unesco.org/culture/culturaldiversity/docs_pre_2007/clt_cpd_note_list_goods_services_en_092004.pdf [17] http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/returncommittee Extra judicial Killing: Myth or Reality? Extra judicial Killing: Myth or Reality? How interesting it is that in Bangladesh the elite force named as Rapid Action Battalion [RAB] kills the arrested persons by the name of cross-fire and name them the criminals. Extra-judicial, thus the term is used to state the killings. It is called extra judicial because of its type, which works as a process outside the judiciary system of Bangladesh. Farid Ahmed in a non periodical web journal (2010), Such killings are often described in police reports as involving crime suspects who resisted arrests or attacked the police. Many of the victims, human rights groups charge, were killed while in police custody. But in their official statements, police said they were killed in the crossfire during violent incidents in prison facilities. The police were compelled to open fire at those attacking them, they said.  [1]   According to the Human Rights Watch (2006): One of the first publicized RAB killings was of the wanted criminal suspect Pichchi Hannan in Dhaka on August 6, 2004. This is when the era of extra judicial killing has started and still going on. Not only the RAB but also some other armed forces are involved in this kind of activity.  [2]   Whether extrajudicial killing is a myth or is it a reality is the main motive for me to conduct this research. A lot of people are being killed by the armed force, often named as elite force, but is it truly extra judicial killing or is the crossfire the reality, which one is true? We see a lot of incidents addressing the extra-judicial killings everyday when looking at the newspaper. Theres hardly any day with no crossfire news, and thus I think people should be clear about the extra judicial killing matter and to reveal the original fact as I conduct the research. My research will give a clear cut idea about the extra judicial killing and the scenario of our countrys perspective. However, it is often said by the authority and also by the political leaders that these so called extra-judicial killings are only the unfortunate deaths of the suspected criminals in the cross-fire. According to the Bangladesh Media article No extrajudicial executions carried out: RAB DG (2010): The director-general of the RAB, Hasan Mahmud Khandakar, addressing the media at the sixth anniversary of the elite law enforcement body in its headquarters on Sunday, told newsmen, A total of 622 suspected criminals were killed in by the RAB in crossfire across the country in the last six years, including 14 suspected criminals who were killed in the last three months. The RAB chief, however, claimed that no extra-judicial killing was carried out by the battalions personnel in the last six years.  [3]   The issue of extra-judicial killing is one of the big concerns for a country like Bangladesh where the chance of misuse of the theme, under the name of crossfire is highly possible for a 3rd world country like us. The concern of different human right organizations have argued about the extrajudicial killings and raised a lot of questions. My report will reveal whether the extra-judicial killing under the name of crossfire is true or just a myth. The History of Extra Judicial Killing As its name suggest, it is done outside the framework of the judiciary system of Bangladesh, which is the killings of a suspected criminal under the custody of the armed force, often using the term self protection or accusing the suspected criminal to escape; which is a violation of the rule of law. From the very beginning of Bangladeshs birth in 1971, different political parties used their political power to impetus the killings by the armed forces and used these forces in in violation of the law to consolidate power and maintain control. The continuous process started during the time period of BNP led govt. after forming coalition with three smaller parties: Jamaat-e-Islami (which won 4.3 percent), Jatiya Party-Naziur (1.1 percent), and Islamic Okye Jote (0.7 percent) in 0ctober, 2001. After taking power, to fulfill the one election agenda to fight against crime, and to tackle criticism from people, the govt. then deployed fourty thousand military personal to fight crime under the name of Operation Clean Heart. Thousands of people were arrested and at least 50 people were reported to be dead under their custody. Due to the failure of the operation, the government then decided to form an elite force group with a special unit of police with commando training called the Rapid Act ion Team, or RAT, which is now known as Rapid Action Battalion or RAB. As stated by the law, The main tasks of the RAB, according to the law, are to: Provide internal security Conduct intelligence into criminal activity Recover illegal arms Arrest criminals and members of armed gangs Assist other law enforcement agencies Investigate any offense as ordered by the government.  [4]   According to the Asian Human Rights Commission: The army killed 58 people in custody. See Asian Legal Resource Center and Asian Human Rights Commission, Lawless Law-enforcement the Parody of Judiciary in Bangladesh, August 2006.According to the Bangladesh NGO Forum for Secular Bangladesh, the army killed 53 people in custody and physically abused 7,000. See Forum for Secular Bangladesh, Violation of Human Rights by the Coalition Government of Bangladesh, September 2006.  [5]   However, the Operation Clean Heart did not succeed in bringing crime under adequate control, and vigilantism against so-called criminals continued. Hence the special police force proved unsuccessful in combating crime due to the lack of trained professionals, disorganization, and corruption in the force. Structuring from the experience from Operation Clean Heart, the government took steps to give the military a law enforcement role. Then, later on the RAB was created with the motto to fight criminals and reduce crime. According to a human rights lawyer: Critics complained that, rather than building a new crime-fighting force, the government should undertake efforts to reform law enforcement and the courts. Creating RAB, they feared, would undermine the police. With Operation Clean Heart in mind, some worried about using the military for civilian policing. They saw RAB as a way for the government to deploy the army for policing tasks, with one lawyer even calling it martial law in disguise. Other Facts Various human right watchdogs claimed that 1,142 victims have so far been slain in extrajudicial killings since 24 June, 2004 when the RAB began its journey by killing people in crossfire. Among the 1,142 victims, 149 were killed in 2004, 340 in 2005, 290 in 2006, 130 in 2007, 136 in 2008 and 97 in 2009. During the immediate-past emergency regime which continued for about two years, 322 people were killed in an extrajudicial manner. On the other hand, DG of RAB claimed that no extra-judicial killing is carried out but some criminals were caught in crossfire during the battle. He also claimed that 6,931 firearms have been seized by the RAB in the last six years 580 in 2004, 909 in 2005, 889 in 2006, 1,416 in 2007, 1,374 in 2008, 1,338 in 2009 and 425 in the last three months. The RAB arrested a total of 64,664 suspected criminals, after conducting drives throughout the country, on charges of various crimes including murder, kidnapping, extortion, tender manipulation, militancy and possession of illegal firearms. Of them 2569 in 2004, 4929 in 2005, 7277 in 2006, 13569 in 2007, 13378 in 2008, 16730 in 2009 and 4012 in last three months of 2010.  [6]   The attitude of people in law enforcement agencies has not changed, at least on the issue of extra judicial killings despite the judiciary ordering them to stop killing people under the guise of crossfire, encounter, and gunfight. Although much of such action has stopped, it is not a sustainable solution. But the decision has been hailed an eye-opener by many including human rights organizations. The High Court issued the suo motto order over extra judicial killings on November 17. It gave the government two weeks, initially, to explain why the killing of two brothers, Lutfor and Khairul Khalasi by law enforcement agencies in Madaripur on Nov.16 should not be declared extrajudicial. The government has yet to reply and the Attorney General has sought more time, presumably until the court resumes on January 3, 2010. During the year although there were some positive activities by the government, most sectors in the country were devoid of any human rights, the rule of law and good governance. Religious minorities were oppressed and press freedoms were violated almost every other day.  [7]   Only a few human rights organizations have long been asking the government to stop the killings, terming them extrajudicial. Moreover, the High Court of Bangladesh, on June 29, 2009, High Court of Bangladesh asked the government to explain why killing people without a trial, in the form of extrajudicial killings, is not being declared as illegal, and why measures are not being taken against the perpetrators. After this ruling, we still havent seen anything happen. However in recent times, after the Awami League came to power, many thought the Awami govt. will abolish the RAB. But, in march 2006, Seikh Hasina said, But we will not do so. Rather Rab will be given a special assignment to capture corrupt people.  [8]   Extrajudicial killings continue even in violation of the High Courts ruling. How can they continue? Its very alarming for human rights, democracy and the right to life. And why is the High Court silent regarding this gross human rights violation? Both governmental and nongovernmental sources have said that the death toll has reached 133 from such extrajudicial killings labeled as crossfire killings, encounter killings or gunfight killings by the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) and the police since Jan. 6, when the Awami League-led government assumed office. In Bangladesh, we have a so-called democracy, but there is no rule of law if we consider extra judicial killing. Every day sees more killings of citizens by the state machinery, killings which are both well-planned and covered up. However, RAB never said that its extrajudicial killing. In contrast, Rab Director General (DG) Hassan Mahmood Khandker recently stated that, A total of 633 persons were killed in encounters with its members while 750 RAB men were punished for their unlawful acts. Among the 750 punished RAB members, 350 were sacked while the rest 400 suffered imprisonment in different tenures. Also RAB intelligence personnel are only on duty to tackle the criminal activities.  [9]   However, on contrary, extrajudicial killing have been going on very rapidly of violating the highest court ruling order, the Constitution and the Universal Declaration by law enforcers. The term extrajudicial killing means execution without justice. This is a grave human rights violation. Its both a violation of Bangladeshs constitution and of the UNs Universal Declaration of Human Rights.  [10]  But these types of killings still occur frequently in Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh has been violating the constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights day after day since 2002 (including operation clean heart). In 2004, the BNP-Jamaat government made a decision about extrajudicial killings and formed the RAB. From March 26, 2004 until January 31, 2009, around 1,600 people (including 58 58 killed peoples in operation clean heart of 2002) have been killed without justice. The government of Bangladesh has sided with the extrajudicial killings. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has also said, in an indirect way, that extrajudicial killings will continue. She spoke clearly, upholding crossfire killings. What was said by our popular Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in New York is very unfortunate for the rule of law, democracy, the constitution, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the people of Bangladesh. According to the Bdnews24.com, Sheikh Hasina talked with journalists in New York on Sept. 27, 2009. Referring to crossfire killings at the time, she said, I do not believe in extrajudicial killings. But if anyone launches an armed attack (against a law enforcer), then they shouldnt be allowed to kill them like sitting ducks.  [11]   Bangladeshs elite Rapid Action Battalion continues to engage in extrajudicial killings despite Supreme Court directives to halt it. Although the court is handling the issue of extrajudicial killings, RAB does not seem to be bothered either about the judiciary or the countrys laws. The assertions of responsible people in the present government are shocking. Home minister Sahara Khatun recently said that, there was no crossfire. It seems, either directly or indirectly, the home minister and other ministers are defending the perpetrators of such crossfire killings. Finally we can say that, in Bangladesh has no rule of law. We want to say that the reports of so-called crossfire killings, encounter killings or gunfight killings that are made by the RAB and the police are totally false. We believe that terrorism should never be combated or controlled through state killings. It is the establishment of the rule of law that is essential to control terrorism. Conclusion Finally we can say that, numerous killings are being carried out extra-judicially; the perpetrators remain above the law; and the victims have no recourse to protection or redress under the law. This represents a violation of Article 31 of the Constitution, which reads: To enjoy the protection of the law, and to be treated in accordance with law, and only in accordance with law, is the inalienable right of every citizen, wherever he may be, and of every other person for the time being within Bangladesh, and in particular no action detrimental to the life, liberty, body, reputation or property of any person shall be taken except in accordance with law.  [12]   However, beyond impunity, those responsible for such killings are being rewarded for their actions. Torture and the threat of extra-judicial killing are used by the police and the RAB to extract money from persons that they arrest. Furthermore, the RAB was even awarded the prized Independence Award to the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) on March 23, 2006, as part of Bangladeshs 35th Independence Day celebrations, for its activities. Therefore, it is revealed that this kind of activities by the RAB is clearly a false ideology to name the extrajudicial killing under the name of crossfire, is just only to eye wash the general public, and some day it may have negative effect on the society and country as a whole. So the govt. and the people of Bangladesh should raise its voice against it and it should be stopped soon.